Falsifiability is a core principle of the scientific method, crucial in determining whether a hypothesis or theory can be tested and potentially proven false. In parapsychology, where the focus is on phenomena that often defy conventional understanding falsifiability plays a significant role in assessing the legitimacy and scientific rigour of these claims.

The concept of falsifiability was popularised by the philosopher Karl Popper, who argued that for a theory to be considered scientific, it must be possible to conceive of an observation or experiment that could prove it wrong. This means that a hypothesis should not only make predictions about what will happen but should also clearly state what would count as evidence against it. If a theory cannot be falsified - if no potential observation could ever contradict it - it is often considered pseudoscientific.

In the context of parapsychology, falsifiability is essential for distinguishing between robust scientific inquiry and unfounded...